Mountains play important ecological roles. They contain the majority for the world's forests, which are habitats for much of the planet's terrestrial biodiversity. They often are habitats for endemic species found nowhere esle on earth. They also serve as sanctuaries for animal species driven from lowland areas.
Mountains also help regulate the earth's climate.Mountaintops covered with ice and snow affect climate by reflecting solar radiation back into space. This helps cool the earth and offset global warming. However, many of the world's mountain glaciers are melting mostly because of global warmming. As the earth gets warmer, mountaintop glaciers and other land-based glaciers could melt and help raise sea levels.
Finally,mountains play a critical role in the hydrologic cycle by serving as major storehouses of water. In the warmer weather of spring and summer, much of their snow and ice melts and is released to streams for use by wildlife and by humans for drinking and irrigating crops. Despite their ecological,economic,and cultueal importance, the fate oh mountain ecosystems has not been a high priority of governments or for many environmental organizations.
山扮演了重要的生態角色，它包含了世界上大多數的森林也提供了地球上陸生生物多樣性的棲息地，山也常被發現地方性的種類，也提供在低窪地區的陸生生物避難所。
山也幫助調節地球氣候，山頂上覆蓋的冰和雪會反射太陽輻射，有幫助冷卻地球的溫室效應，許多的高山冰河融化是因為全球的暖化，而地球的暖化會幫助海平面的上升。
最後，山也扮演水文循環必須的角色是水的重要寶庫，在溫暖的季節像春天和夏天山頂上的冰和雪融化釋放到河裡提供野生生物和人引用及灌溉作物，它對生態、經濟、文化都很重要，所以政府和環境組織應該要優先保護山這個的生態系。
2009年1月9日 星期五
15週 (2) 5-2 p.89
Temperate deciduous forests grow in areas with moderate average temperatures that change significantly with the season. These areas have long, warm summers, clod but not too severe winters, and abundant precipitation, often spread fairly evenly throughout the year.
This biome is dominated by a few species of broadteaf aeciauous trees such as oak, hickory, maple, poplar, and beech. They survive cold winters by dropping their leaves in the fall and becoming dormant through the winter. Each spring they grow new leaves whose colors change in the fall into an array of reds and golds before the leaves drop.
溫和落葉林生長於平均氣溫適中且四季分明的地區，這些地區非常廣、溫暖、和冷，但卻不包含嚴冬和一整年平均分布的豐富降雪。
而這生物社會控制於一些少數特殊的闊葉菸草落葉樹，像橡木、山胡桃木、楓樹、楊木、山毛櫸，他們活下於冬天是靠落下他們的葉子在秋天的時候且休眠渡過冬天，到春天時他們就會長出新的葉子，而這些樹木在秋天時葉子會轉變成深紅色或金色在他們落下葉子以前。
This biome is dominated by a few species of broadteaf aeciauous trees such as oak, hickory, maple, poplar, and beech. They survive cold winters by dropping their leaves in the fall and becoming dormant through the winter. Each spring they grow new leaves whose colors change in the fall into an array of reds and golds before the leaves drop.
溫和落葉林生長於平均氣溫適中且四季分明的地區，這些地區非常廣、溫暖、和冷，但卻不包含嚴冬和一整年平均分布的豐富降雪。
而這生物社會控制於一些少數特殊的闊葉菸草落葉樹，像橡木、山胡桃木、楓樹、楊木、山毛櫸，他們活下於冬天是靠落下他們的葉子在秋天的時候且休眠渡過冬天，到春天時他們就會長出新的葉子，而這些樹木在秋天時葉子會轉變成深紅色或金色在他們落下葉子以前。
14週 (1) 5-2 p.84~p.86
Many of the world's natual temperate grasslands have disappeared because their fertile soils are useful for growing crops and grazing cattle.
Cold grasslands, or arctic tunara, lie south of the arctic polar ice cap.During most of the year, these treeless plains are bitterly cold, swept by frigid winds, and covered with ice and snow.Winters are long and dark, and scant precipitation falls mostly as snow.
Under the snow, this biome is carpeted with a thick, spongy mat of low-growing plants, primarily grasses, mosses, lichens, and dwarf shrubs.Trees or tall plants cannot survive in the cold and windy tundra because they would lose too much of their heat.Most of the annual growth of the tundra's plants occurs during the 5-to 8-week summer, when the sun shines almost around the clock.Figure 3 on p.S50 in Supplement 11 shows some components and food-wed interactions in an arctic tundra ecosystem.
世界上有許多的溫和草原消失掉，因為這些肥沃的土壤常被我們用來種植作物和放養牲口。
冰原、北極寒帶草原和北極南部的冰冠，這些無樹木的草原長年寒冷、吹著強烈冷風和覆蓋著冰雪，冬天時為永夜且缺乏降雨，主要為降雪。
在雪下，這生物群系覆蓋著厚實如海棉狀草蓆的低等植物，主要為草、青苔、地衣和矮小的灌木，像樹和一些高的植物不能存活在這寒冷多風的苔原因為他們會遺失掉他們所需的熱量，許多的一年生苔原植物他們得生長期間發生在5-8星期的夏天，當太陽日以繼夜的照射時。在補充P.S50 中有北極苔原生態系統的組成和食物網的互動。
Cold grasslands, or arctic tunara, lie south of the arctic polar ice cap.During most of the year, these treeless plains are bitterly cold, swept by frigid winds, and covered with ice and snow.Winters are long and dark, and scant precipitation falls mostly as snow.
Under the snow, this biome is carpeted with a thick, spongy mat of low-growing plants, primarily grasses, mosses, lichens, and dwarf shrubs.Trees or tall plants cannot survive in the cold and windy tundra because they would lose too much of their heat.Most of the annual growth of the tundra's plants occurs during the 5-to 8-week summer, when the sun shines almost around the clock.Figure 3 on p.S50 in Supplement 11 shows some components and food-wed interactions in an arctic tundra ecosystem.
世界上有許多的溫和草原消失掉，因為這些肥沃的土壤常被我們用來種植作物和放養牲口。
冰原、北極寒帶草原和北極南部的冰冠，這些無樹木的草原長年寒冷、吹著強烈冷風和覆蓋著冰雪，冬天時為永夜且缺乏降雨，主要為降雪。
在雪下，這生物群系覆蓋著厚實如海棉狀草蓆的低等植物，主要為草、青苔、地衣和矮小的灌木，像樹和一些高的植物不能存活在這寒冷多風的苔原因為他們會遺失掉他們所需的熱量，許多的一年生苔原植物他們得生長期間發生在5-8星期的夏天，當太陽日以繼夜的照射時。在補充P.S50 中有北極苔原生態系統的組成和食物網的互動。
2008年11月7日 星期五
課堂翻譯二 54、55-1-1
The hydrologic cycle,or watwe cycle, collects, purifies, and distributes the earth's fixed supply of water as Figus 3-18.Water is an amazing substance (Science Focus, at right), which makes the water cycle critical to life on earth.
The water cycle is powered by energy from the sun,which causes evaporation of water from the oceans, lakes, rivers, and soil. Evaporation changes liquid water to water vapor in the atmosphere, and gravity draws the water back to the earth's suriace as precipitation(rain, snow, sleet, and dew). About 84% of water vapor in the atmosphere cimes from the oceans; the rest comes from land. Over land, about90% of the water that reaches the atmosphere evaporates from the surfaces of plants through a process called transpiration.
水文循環和水循環，這兩個循環分別收集、淨化和分配地球上所固定供給的水(圖請參考課本P54)。水是很奇特的物質它是水循環中不可或缺之物質在我們所生存的地球上。
水循環的動力是靠太陽蒸發水於海洋、湖泊、河流或土壤中。蒸發的水便水蒸氣於大氣中，受地心引力的影響，這些水變成與水或雪等降下於地表上。而84%的水汽是由海洋來的其餘則是陸地來的。在陸地上90%的水汽是由水穿透於植物的表面而來的，這個過程我們叫蒸騰作用。
The water cycle is powered by energy from the sun,which causes evaporation of water from the oceans, lakes, rivers, and soil. Evaporation changes liquid water to water vapor in the atmosphere, and gravity draws the water back to the earth's suriace as precipitation(rain, snow, sleet, and dew). About 84% of water vapor in the atmosphere cimes from the oceans; the rest comes from land. Over land, about90% of the water that reaches the atmosphere evaporates from the surfaces of plants through a process called transpiration.
水文循環和水循環，這兩個循環分別收集、淨化和分配地球上所固定供給的水(圖請參考課本P54)。水是很奇特的物質它是水循環中不可或缺之物質在我們所生存的地球上。
水循環的動力是靠太陽蒸發水於海洋、湖泊、河流或土壤中。蒸發的水便水蒸氣於大氣中，受地心引力的影響，這些水變成與水或雪等降下於地表上。而84%的水汽是由海洋來的其餘則是陸地來的。在陸地上90%的水汽是由水穿透於植物的表面而來的，這個過程我們叫蒸騰作用。
課堂翻譯一 46-1-1
Ecologists assign every organism in an ecosystem to a feeding level ,or trophic level,depending on its source of food or nutrients. Producers,sometimes called autotrophs(self-feeders),make the nutrients they need from compounds and energy obtained from their environment.
生態學者認為每個生物在生態系中的哺食階層和營養階層它所依靠的來源是食物和營養物。生產者有時又稱自營生物他們製造他們自己所需的能量和營養物於他們所在的環境。
生態學者認為每個生物在生態系中的哺食階層和營養階層它所依靠的來源是食物和營養物。生產者有時又稱自營生物他們製造他們自己所需的能量和營養物於他們所在的環境。
3-1~3-5
3-1 What Is Ecology?
生態學是指研究生物有機體與其周圍環境(包括非生物環境和生物環境)，其有分為微觀和宏觀，微觀指的是從基因→DNA→染色體→細胞核→細胞→ 個體，而宏觀是指個體→族群→群集→生態系→生物圈，其對生物群落和其生活的環境作為一個互相之間不斷地進行物質循環和能量流動最研究。
3-2 What keeps us and other organisms alive?
地球中分為四個系統來維持生命，有氣圈、地圈、水圈、生物圈，氣圈中分為對流層、平流層、中氣層和增溫層，而平流層有所謂的臭氧可以吸收過多的紫外線，氣圈也包含了我們人生活所需的氧氣，地圈包含我們所居住的陸地和我們可活動的地方，水圈有我們人所需要的水，並且可以調節氣溫，生物圈就是我們所能生存的地方和有生命的地方，除了這些系統外還有三個維持地球上生命的因素，就是能量流動、營養的循環和地心引力。
3-3 What are the major components of an ecosystem?
生態系是由生物和非生物所組成的，生物中分為生產者、消費者和分解者，生產者(自營生物)是指利用太陽能製造自己所需的能量，消費者又分為初級消費者、次級消費者和最高級消費者，初級消費者是指吃生產者來獲得能量的生物，次級消費者則是吃初級消費者來獲得能量，最高級消費者就是吃比自己低階的消費者來獲得能量，分解者就是等上述這些生物死亡後分解其屍體讓其回歸大自然，而此過程就叫食物鏈，讓其能量循環。
3-4 What is biodiversity and why is it important?
生物多樣性分為基因多樣性、物種多樣性、環境多樣性，基因多樣性造成許多同種生物中不同的樣子，物種多樣性則是許多不同之物種，環境多樣性是每個地區區域氣候造成之環境的改變，而生物多樣性越多則此生態系越為緊密越穩定，人類可運用之物種也愈多，反之則可能使地球之生物面臨危機。
3-5 What happens to energy in an ecosystem?
能量之傳遞透過於食物網和食物鏈傳遞，而食物網是由與多食物鏈所構成，食物網越密集則相對的較穩定，通常越高級的消費者數量越少，生產者則是數量最多，當能量傳遞到下一個階層時將會有90%的能量消散於大自然中，10%傳到下一階層這叫10分之1定律，所以說越高級之消費者所獲得之能量將會是最好的。
生態學是指研究生物有機體與其周圍環境(包括非生物環境和生物環境)，其有分為微觀和宏觀，微觀指的是從基因→DNA→染色體→細胞核→細胞→ 個體，而宏觀是指個體→族群→群集→生態系→生物圈，其對生物群落和其生活的環境作為一個互相之間不斷地進行物質循環和能量流動最研究。
3-2 What keeps us and other organisms alive?
地球中分為四個系統來維持生命，有氣圈、地圈、水圈、生物圈，氣圈中分為對流層、平流層、中氣層和增溫層，而平流層有所謂的臭氧可以吸收過多的紫外線，氣圈也包含了我們人生活所需的氧氣，地圈包含我們所居住的陸地和我們可活動的地方，水圈有我們人所需要的水，並且可以調節氣溫，生物圈就是我們所能生存的地方和有生命的地方，除了這些系統外還有三個維持地球上生命的因素，就是能量流動、營養的循環和地心引力。
3-3 What are the major components of an ecosystem?
生態系是由生物和非生物所組成的，生物中分為生產者、消費者和分解者，生產者(自營生物)是指利用太陽能製造自己所需的能量，消費者又分為初級消費者、次級消費者和最高級消費者，初級消費者是指吃生產者來獲得能量的生物，次級消費者則是吃初級消費者來獲得能量，最高級消費者就是吃比自己低階的消費者來獲得能量，分解者就是等上述這些生物死亡後分解其屍體讓其回歸大自然，而此過程就叫食物鏈，讓其能量循環。
3-4 What is biodiversity and why is it important?
生物多樣性分為基因多樣性、物種多樣性、環境多樣性，基因多樣性造成許多同種生物中不同的樣子，物種多樣性則是許多不同之物種，環境多樣性是每個地區區域氣候造成之環境的改變，而生物多樣性越多則此生態系越為緊密越穩定，人類可運用之物種也愈多，反之則可能使地球之生物面臨危機。
3-5 What happens to energy in an ecosystem?
能量之傳遞透過於食物網和食物鏈傳遞，而食物網是由與多食物鏈所構成，食物網越密集則相對的較穩定，通常越高級的消費者數量越少，生產者則是數量最多，當能量傳遞到下一個階層時將會有90%的能量消散於大自然中，10%傳到下一階層這叫10分之1定律，所以說越高級之消費者所獲得之能量將會是最好的。
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